From: Factors associated with reproductive health care utilization among Ghanaian women
Socio-demographic factors | Number | Percentage | Delivery Assistance | Timing of antenatal care | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trained | Untrained | Early | Late | |||
Age (N=2099) | P=0.004 | P<0.001 | ||||
15-24 years | 505 | 24.0 | 22.7 | 26.4 | 21.3 | 27.5 |
25-34 years | 982 | 46.8 | 49.6 | 42.0 | 50.9 | 41.9 |
35-49 years | 612 | 29.1 | 27.7 | 31.6 | 27.8 | 30.6 |
Place of residence (N=2099) | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | ||||
Urban | 844 | 40.2 | 54.4 | 15.7 | 44.8 | 36.0 |
Rural | 1255 | 59.8 | 45.6 | 84.3 | 55.2 | 64.0 |
Parity (N=2098) | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | ||||
1 | 467 | 22.3 | 25.9 | 16.1 | 23.8 | 21.3 |
2 | 436 | 20.8 | 22.7 | 17.4 | 23.9 | 16.7 |
3 | 349 | 16.6 | 17.0 | 16.1 | 17.2 | 15.9 |
4 or more | 846 | 40.3 | 34.4 | 59.5 | 35.8 | 46.0 |
Marital status (N=2099) | P=0.166 | P=0.976 | ||||
Never married | 129 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 4.8 | 6.2 | 6.1 |
Currently married | 1837 | 87.5 | 86.6 | 89.0 | 87.8 | 87.7 |
Formerly married | 133 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.3 |
Education (N=2097) | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | ||||
No education | 647 | 30.8 | 20.3 | 49.0 | 25.2 | 37.1 |
Primary | 511 | 24.1 | 22.8 | 27.2 | 23.8 | 24.1 |
Secondary or higher | 939 | 44.8 | 56.9 | 23.8 | 51.0 | 38.8 |
Religion (N=2098) | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | ||||
Other | 90 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 5.8 | 3.6 | 4.3 |
Moslem | 378 | 18.0 | 16.3 | 21.0 | 15.2 | 22.7 |
Traditional | 126 | 6.0 | 2.3 | 12.4 | 3.7 | 8.1 |
Christian | 1504 | 71.7 | 78.0 | 60.8 | 77.5 | 64.8 |
Wealth Index (N=2099) | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | ||||
Poorest | 480 | 22.9 | 10.3 | 44.6 | 17.3 | 28.5 |
Poorest | 461 | 22.0 | 19.2 | 26.5 | 19.9 | 24.0 |
Middle | 400 | 19.1 | 20.3 | 17.0 | 19.1 | 19.6 |
Rich | 436 | 20.8 | 27.2 | 9.8 | 23.1 | 19.0 |
Richest | 322 | 15.3 | 22.9 | 2.1 | 20.6 | 9.0 |
Partner’s education (N=1878) | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | ||||
No education | 483 | 25.7 | 15.0 | 44.3 | 19.8 | 31.8 |
Primary | 159 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 10.8 | 7.1 | 10.0 |
Secondary or higher | 1236 | 65.8 | 77.9 | 44.9 | 73.0 | 58.2 |
Timing of antenatal care visit (N=2014) | P<0.001 | |||||
Early (within first trimester) | 1154 | 57.3 | 37.8 | 52.0 | ||
Late | 860 | 42.7 | 62.2 | 48.9 | ||
Number of antenatal visits (N=2053) | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | ||||
No visit | 72 | 3.5 | 0.9 | 8.2 | ||
1-3 visits | 338 | 16.5 | 9.8 | 28.2 | 6.5 | 31.1 |
4-6 visits | 900 | 43.9 | 41.2 | 48.3 | 41.4 | 51.2 |
6 visits or more | 740 | 36.1 | 48.0 | 15.3 | 52.0 | 17.7 |
Type of delivery assistance (N=2096) | P<0.001 | |||||
Trained assistants | 1330 | 63.5 | 70.9 | 57.8 | ||
Traditional birth assistants | 642 | 30.6 | 24 | 35.6 | ||
No one | 124 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 6.5 |