Correlates of out-of-pocket and catastrophic health expenditures in Tanzania: results from a national household survey

Table 2 Factors associated with out-of-pocket health expenditure among adult participants (18yrs-59yrs) (n = 7279)

Explanatory variables	Bivariate statistics^a		Multivariate statistics^b
	β (95% CI)	p value	β (95% CI)	p value
Age in years	+0.02 (+0.01; +0.04)	<0.001	+0.03 (+0.02; +0.05)	<0.001
Female gender	+0.42 (+0.15; +0.68)	0.002	+0.60 (+0.34; +0.86)	<0.001
Lack of formal education	−0.46 (−0.80; −0.12)	0.007	−0.33 (−0.72; +0.06	0.10
Widowhood	+0.14 (−0.29; +0.58)	0.51	−0.29 (−0.69; +0.09)	0.13
Working as manual laborer	−0.64 (−0.91; −0.37)	<0.001	−0.62 (−0.86; −0.39)	<0.001
Asset Index^c	+0.03 (−0.02; +0.07)	0.26	+0.02 (−0.02; +0.06)	0.27
BMI more than 30 (kg/m²)	+0.99 (+0.42; +1.55)	<0.001	+0.55 (−0.08; +1.18)	0.09
Presence of blindness/visual defect	+0.01 (−0.51; +0.53)	0.96	−0.12 (−0.74; +0.51)	0.71
Presence of hearing defect	+1.25 (−0.20; +2.69)	0.09	+1.96 (+0.24; +3.68)	0.02
Presence of limb defect	+0.93 (+0.36; +1.50)	<0.001	+0.51 (−0.37; +1.39)	0.25
Presence of psychiatric morbidity	−0.62 (−1.72; +0.48)	0.27	+0.41 (−1.18, +1.98)	0.61
Presence of functional disability	+1.77 (+1.28; +2.25)	<0.001	+1.08 (+0.56; +1.61)	<0.001
Traditional healer visits	+1.66 (+1.16; +2.16)	<0.001	+1.47 (+1.23; +1.81)	<0.001

^aSurvey generalized linear regression models with log link function using out-of-pocket health expenditure (in Tanzanian Schilling) as the dependent variable for adult participants aged between 18 and 59 years; ^bAdjusted for all bivariate significant variables with out-of-pocket health expenditure (in Tanzanian Schilling) as the dependent variable; ^cAsset Index constructed using Principal Component Analysis. BMI = Body Mass Index.

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