Table 1
From: Prevalence of mental disorders and torture among Tibetan refugees: A systematic review
Name, year | Setting; Country | Population | Design | N | Duration outside Tibet | Torture survivors (%) | Detained (n) | Measurement tools | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHR, 1997 | Dharamsala Refugee Reception Center, Transit School for Young Adults, and a Buddhist monastery; India | Mixed population including clergy | Cross-sectional | 258 (191 men and 67 women) | Median 6 months | 21% | 20% | 10-item validated questionnaire to assess torture (UN Torture Convention) | 15% (10–19%) |
Torture survivors | 53 | 21% | HSCL-25-anxiety-depression | 53% (40–66%) 40% (28–53%) | |||||
DSM-IV criteria for PTSD | 23% (13–39%) | ||||||||
Holtz, 1998 | 35 tortured Tibetan nuns and students with a cohort of 35 closely matched subjects. | Retrospective cohort | 70 | Mean of 30.9 months (SD = 19.2) | 50% | For torture survivors HSCL-25 - anxiety - depression | 54% (44–63%) 14% (8–22%) | ||
Servan-Schreiber, 1998 | Tibetan Childrens Village, Dharamsala, India | Children | Cross-sectional | 61 | Mean 13.3 months | NA | NA | DSM-IV PTSD DSM-IV Major depression | 11.5 (3.5–19.5%) 11.5 (3.5–19.5%) |
DSM-IV Major depression | 11.5 (3.5–19.5%) | ||||||||
Crescenzi, 2002 | Confidential setting, Dharamsala, India | Purposeful adults -76 previously imprisoned 74 never imprisoned | Case-control | 150 | 0–4 years | 95% | 50% | For total sample HSCL-25 - anxiety - depression HTQ assessment | 63% (55–70%) 57% (49–65%) 20 (14–27%) |
Terheggen, 2001 | Refugee camp, North India | Random selection using random sequencing | Cross-sectional | 76 | 1 month-2.5 years | 12% | 25% | PTI HSCL-25 - anxiety - depression | Median 3 (range 0–3) 25% (17–36%) 42% (32–53%) |