Table 4 Exposure variables of organised crime and political violence (OPV) and human rights violations
Exposure | Variables | Arrest or detention | Torture, and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment | Participation in a combat and 'Cross-Fire' | Extrajudicial execution or murder by law enforcement agency | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | No | Yes | OR (95% CI) | P value | No | Yes | OR (95% CI) | P value | No | Yes | OR (95% CI) | P value | No | Yes | OR (95% CI) | P value |
Involved in political party | Not involved | 614 | 194 | 1 | - | 597 | 211 | 1 | - | 800 | 8 | 1 | - | 786 | 22 | 1 | - |
| Â | Awami League | 61 | 67 | 3.44 (2.25-5.26) | < 0.001 | 67 | 61 | 2.54 (1.15-5.61) | < 0.05 | 107 | 21 | 19.53 (4.71-80.91) | < 0.001 | 102 | 26 | 9.22(2.60-32.64) | < 0.001 |
| Â | Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) | 81 | 46 | 1.85 (0.92-3.71) | 0.083 | 65 | 62 | 2.92 (1.41-6.03) | < 0.005 | 103 | 24 | 21.62 (4.21-111.02) | < 0.001 | 100 | 27 | 9.15 (2.02-41.54) | < 0.005 |
| Â | Jamaat-e-Islami Party | 22 | 9 | 1.31 (0.68-2.50) | 0.419 | 25 | 6 | 0.51 (0.15-1.75) | 0.285 | 30 | 1 | 2.03 (0.29-14.04) | 0.472 | 28 | 3 | 3.97 (1.05-15.04) | < 0.05 |
| Â | Other | 2 | 1 | 1.60 (0.16-15.64) | 0.686 | 1 | 2 | 3.47 (0.31-38.33) | 0.331 | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | 3 | 0 | 0 | - |
Social participation | Not involved | 473 | 133 | 1 | - | 444 | 162 | 1 | - | 601 | 5 | 1 | - | 587 | 19 | 1 | - |
| Â | Family member has participated in a demonstration, a strike, or a human rights rally | 308 | 184 | 2.10 (1.57-2.81) | < 0.001 | 312 | 180 | 1.50 (0.88-2.57) | 0.136 | 443 | 49 | 10.98 (5.07-23.78) | < 0.001 | 433 | 59 | 3.64 (1.25-10.64) | < 0.05 |
Inter-personal relationship | Not involved | 240 | 55 | 1 | - | 214 | 81 | 1 | - | 289 | 6 | 1 | - | 286 | 9 | 1 | - |
| Â | Family member has personal, financial or political conflict with other families | 541 | 262 | 2.38 (1.80-3.14) | < 0.001 | 542 | 261 | 1.26 (0.71-2.21) | 0.429 | 755 | 48 | 4.03 (2.23-7.27) | < 0.001 | 734 | 69 | 3.68 (1.99-6.78) | < 0.001 |
| Â | No relationship | 378 | 158 | 1 | - | 363 | 173 | 1 | - | 502 | 34 | 1 | - | 491 | 45 | 1 | - |
| Â | Family member or friends work with a law enforcement agency | 403 | 159 | 0.92 (0.67-1.27) | 0.621 | 393 | 169 | 0.90 (0.65-1.24) | 0.509 | 542 | 20 | 0.49 (0.29-0.81) | < 0.01 | 529 | 33 | 0.63 (0.31-1.29) | 0.207 |
Upazila (sub-district) | Gangni upazila | 355 | 94 | 1 | - | 329 | 120 | 1 | - | 447 | 2 | 1 | - | 441 | 8 | 1 | - |
| Â | Mujibnagar upazila | 113 | 87 | 2.62 (0.90-7.63) | 0.078 | 105 | 95 | 2.38 (0.70-8.11) | 0.165 | 197 | 3 | 2.23 (0.40-12.52) | 0.362 | 181 | 19 | 5.63 (1.41-22.45) | < 0.05 |
| Â | Meherpur upazila | 314 | 136 | 1.58 (1.00-2.49) | 0.05 | 322 | 128 | 1.08 (0.34-3.49) | 0.894 | 401 | 49 | 26.09 (2.75-247.28) | < 0.005 | 399 | 51 | 6.38 (1.01-40.40) | < 0.05 |
Religion of the head of household | Muslim | 754 | 304 | 1 | - | 729 | 329 | 1 | - | 981 | 77 | 1 | - | 981 | 77 | 1 | - |
| Â | Hindu | 18 | 7 | 0.80 (0.41-1.55) | 0.511 | 16 | 9 | 1.01 (0.24-4.29) | 0.992 | 24 | 1 | 0.73 (0.29-1.85) | 0.507 | 24 | 1 | 0.53 (0.15-1.94) | 0.339 |
Household income (Bangladesh taka: USD = 68:1) | 0-2000 taka per month | 193 | 56 | 1 | - | 178 | 71 | 1 | - | 246 | 3 | 1 | - | 239 | 10 | 1 | - |
| Â | 2001-4000 taka per month | 377 | 150 | 1.41 (1.01-1.96) | < 0.05 | 375 | 152 | 1.12 (0.70-1.81) | 0.632 | 504 | 23 | 4.50 (0.78-25.97) | < 0.05 | 489 | 38 | 2.00 (0.59-6.76) | 0.263 |
| Â | 4001-8000 taka per month | 159 | 82 | 1.84 (1.20-2.81) | < 0.005 | 150 | 91 | 1.56 (0.98-2.48) | 0.059 | 218 | 23 | 10.35 (1.45-73.79) | < 0.05 | 214 | 27 | 3.35 (0.72-15.52) | 0.122 |
| Â | > 8000 taka per month | 49 | 25 | 1.88 (1.01-3.48) | < 0.05 | 50 | 24 | 1.09 (0.62-1.94) | 0.757 | 70 | 4 | 4.80 (1.54-14.96) | < 0.01 | 71 | 3 | 0.79 (0.16-3.97) | 0.776 |