Understanding healthcare practices in superdiverse neighbourhoods and developing the concept of welfare bricolage: Protocol of a cross-national mixed-methods study

Phillimore, Jenny; Bradby, Hannah; Knecht, Michi; Padilla, Beatriz; Brand, Tilman; Cheung, Sin Yi; Pemberton, Simon; Zeeb, Hajo

doi:10.1186/s12914-015-0055-x

BMC International Health and Human Rights

Table 1 Characteristics of the comparison countries and neighbourhoods

From: Understanding healthcare practices in superdiverse neighbourhoods and developing the concept of welfare bricolage: Protocol of a cross-national mixed-methods study

	City	Selection criteria	Neighbourhood
Germany	Bremen	Corporatist/Conservative regime.	Gröpelingen: 35,055 residents, 44.1 % PMB, 2^nd highest number welfare dependants (33.3 %), high deprivation. Long history migration.
	10^th largest city	Immigrants must prove lawful residence.
	550,406 residents, 24.54 % PMB (deprived and skilled) from 162 countries.	Universal Health care regime, co-payments and private health services dependent on income.	Increasing welfare dependency.
			Neustadt: 43,699 residents, 26 % PMB, students, migrants and middle-class. Decreasing welfare dependency with early gentrification. Long history migration.
Portugal	Lisbon:	Mediterranean regime	Lumiar: 25,000 residents, 15 % migrants, high welfare dependency, high deprivation.
	largest city	High levels of austerity and cuts and restructuring of welfare.	Mouraria: 15,000 residents, migrants from 30 countries since the 1970s. Welfare dependency paired with gentrification.
	547,733 residents
	housing half Portugal’s migrants from 100 countries	Residents pay fee for health service redeemable with proof of economic need. Bureaucratic barriers to access.
Sweden	Uppsala: 4th largest city.	Democratic, universal regime	Gottsunda: 9,924 residents, 53 % PMB, high welfare dependency. Long history migration. Significant municipal investment addressing social problems.
	202,625 residents, PMB from 174 countries (deprived and skilled)	Impermeable to irregular migrants. Minimal austerity cuts.	Sävja: 5,330 residents, 39 % PMB, pockets of deprivation and affluence. Few municipal resources.
			Occasional social unrest.
UK	Birmingham:	Liberal regime	Lozells and East Handsworth: 31,074 residents, 44.9 % FB, 89.2 % EM, 5^th most deprived ward.
	2^nd largest city	Austerity cuts	Long history migration with recent increases and diversification.
	1,073,045 residents	Restructuring of welfare state
	22.2 % FB, 46.9 % EM from 187 countries	Healthcare free except irregular migrants	Edgbaston: 24,426 residents, 29.2 % FB, 42.2 % EM, 34^th most deprived ward. More recent history migration.
		Increasing welfare chauvinism

Abbreviations: PMB Person of Migrant Background, FB Foreign Born, EM Ethnic Minorities – definitions and terminology vary by country so data are not comparable

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ISSN: 1472-698X

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