Table 1 Early or forced marriage terminology as defined by the studies in this review
Author | Early or forced marriage [page number] |
|---|---|
Amaireh [19] | early marriage- any marriage where one or both persons are under 18 years and classified as children under international law [pg 14] forced marriage- any marriage where one or both parties have not given their consent, including early marriage [pg 14] temporary marriage- any marriage that is contractually time-limited and can last as little as a few days or even hours up to several years, and is sometimes accompanied by a one-time dowry payment which is often paid to the girl’s male guardian, these marriages can act as a form of sanctioned casual sex and even prostitution [pg 33] |
Amowitz, [20] | forced marriage to combatants- no definition [pg 518] |
Bartels [26] | child marriage- a formal marriage or informal union before age 18, also referred to as early marriage [pg 38–39] |
Brosnan [27] | early and/or forced marriage- no definition, but recognized as an act against female victims only [pg 2] |
Carlson [28] | forced marriage- coercive relationships without valid consent of the female and her family with the traditional characteristics of shared domicile, bearing of children, domestic responsibilities, exclusivity and sex [pg 14], but these marriages do not have any legal standard [pg 8]. Forced marriage includes constituent acts that are codified crimes in international customary and human rights law. These crimes include rape, sexual slavery, enforced pregnancy, forced labor, enslavement and torture. [pg 14–15] |
Duroch, [21] | forced wife- no definition [pg 6] |
Gottschalk, [29] | early marriage- marriage under the age of 18 [pg 3] |
Higonnet [30] | “wives” of rebels- abducted women forced to marry rebels [pg 41–42] |
Johnson [38] | forced marriage- no definition [pg 557] |
Kaya [47] | forced marriage- no definition, but includes child marriage [pg 44] |
Kinyanda [23] | forced marriage- no definition [pg 4] |
Kippenberg [31] | force marriage- no definition, but gives the example of individuals made to marry a soldier under threat of death [pg 30] |
Kottegoda [24] | early marriage- marriage before the age of 18 [pg 78] |
Okello [25] | forced to marry- no definition, but recognized as an act against female victims only [pg 227] |
Save the children [32] | early marriage- marriage before the age of 18, also referred to as child marriage [pg 3] |
Schlecht [33] | child marriage- marriage before 18 years of age [pg 1], also called early marriage forced marriage- no definition [pg 235] |
Stavrou | war husbands- no definition [pg 20] |
Vindevogel [40] | rebel wife- no definition [pg 555] |
Weber [35] | “wives” of Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) commanders- forced sexual slavery, subjected to rape, forced pregnancy, and the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS [pg 5] |