From: Mandatory minimum sentencing policies and cocaine use in the U.S., 1985–2013
ADAA | FSA | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1985 | 1988 | 1990 | 2009 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||||
n = 6456 [N = 171,780,375] | n = 6948 [N = 181,588,628] | n = 7892 [N = 186,296,389] | n = 43,227 [N = 228,441,140] | n = 43,684 [N = 236,094,646] | n = 43,663 [N = 239,616,555] | |||||||
% | (SE) | % | (SE) | % | (SE) | % | (SE) | % | (SE) | % | (SE) | |
Younger than 25 years old | 22.47% | (0.007) | 20.72% | (0.007) | 20.02% | (0.006) | 18.19% | (0.002) | 18.22% | (0.002) | 18.20% | (0.002) |
Female | 53.53% | (0.010) | 52.32% | (0.008) | 52.49% | (0.009) | 51.94% | (0.004) | 52.08% | (0.004) | 51.96% | (0.005) |
Race | ||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 80.47% | (0.011) | 79.53% | (0.014) | 78.84% | (0.016) | 67.46% | (0.004) | 65.64% | (0.004) | 65.22% | (0.004) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 10.85% | (0.007) | 10.99% | (0.011) | 10.98% | (0.013) | 11.99% | (0.003) | 11.70% | (0.003) | 11.92% | (0.003) |
Hispanic | 6.79% | (0.007) | 7.27% | (0.008) | 7.54% | (0.009) | 14.15% | (0.003) | 15.12% | (0.003) | 15.31% | (0.003) |
Other | 1.90% | (0.003) | 2.20% | (0.003) | 2.65% | (0.004) | 6.40% | (0.002) | 7.54% | (0.003) | 7.55% | (0.003) |
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Married | 60.38% | (0.009) | 60.37% | (0.010) | 61.15% | (0.011) | 52.83% | (0.004) | 50.89% | (0.004) | 50.36% | (0.004) |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 16.19% | (0.007) | 16.83% | (0.006) | 16.74% | (0.008) | 18.06% | (0.004) | 19.55% | (0.004) | 19.47% | (0.004) |
Never married | 23.44% | (0.007) | 22.81% | (0.008) | 22.11% | (0.008) | 29.10% | (0.003) | 29.57% | (0.003) | 30.16% | (0.003) |
Education | ||||||||||||
15–18 year olds | 5.76% | (0.003) | 5.53% | (0.002) | 5.31% | (0.002) | 5.19% | (0.001) | 5.01% | (0.001) | 4.93% | (0.001) |
Less than high school | 23.61% | (0.010) | 24.30% | (0.011) | 22.74% | (0.010) | 14.29% | (0.003) | 13.68% | (0.003) | 12.64% | (0.003) |
High school graduate | 35.18% | (0.010) | 34.34% | (0.010) | 34.22% | (0.010) | 29.10% | (0.004) | 28.11% | (0.004) | 28.09% | (0.004) |
Some college | 18.29% | (0.008) | 18.87% | (0.009) | 18.67% | (0.008) | 23.68% | (0.004) | 24.90% | (0.004) | 25.59% | (0.004) |
College graduate | 17.15% | (0.011) | 16.96% | (0.009) | 19.06% | (0.011) | 27.74% | (0.004) | 28.30% | (0.004) | 28.75% | (0.004) |
Annual Income (quartiles) | ||||||||||||
0–25% | 17.17% | (0.009) | 17.73% | (0.009) | 22.04% | (0.010) | 17.15% | (0.003) | 18.62% | (0.003) | 18.00% | (0.003) |
25–50% | 21.58% | (0.007) | 17.88% | (0.008) | 16.64% | (0.006) | 21.64% | (0.004) | 22.10% | (0.004) | 20.49% | (0.003) |
50–75% | 29.72% | (0.009) | 28.76% | (0.010) | 23.60% | (0.008) | 28.37% | (0.004) | 27.24% | (0.004) | 28.04% | (0.004) |
75–100% | 26.69% | (0.011) | 30.61% | (0.012) | 31.04% | (0.011) | 32.83% | (0.004) | 32.04% | (0.004) | 33.47% | (0.004) |
Unknown | 4.84% | (0.004) | 5.01% | (0.006) | 6.68% | (0.007) | ||||||
Alcohol Use in Past Year | 74.29% | (0.013) | 69.72% | (0.012) | 67.49% | (0.015) | 68.69% | (0.004) | 68.36% | (0.004) | 68.26% | (0.004) |
Cigarette Use in Past Year | 35.88% | (0.009) | 34.38% | (0.009) | 32.32% | (0.009) | 27.04% | (0.004) | 25.61% | (0.004) | 24.84% | (0.004) |
Marijuana Use in Past Year | 12.94% | (0.005) | 9.50% | (0.005) | 9.34% | (0.005) | 9.64% | (0.002) | 10.69% | (0.002) | 11.23% | (0.002) |