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Table 2 Bivariate Associations with Health Care Utilization

From: The relationship between depression and sexual health service utilization among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa

Characteristic

Health care use

 

RDS

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

Depression

 Not depressed

Ref

  

 Depressed

1.69 (1.35–2.12)

<0.001

1.87 (1.32–2.66)

Age

  < 20

Ref

  

 20–24

1.73 (1.22–2.48)

0.002

2.63 (1.55–4.46)

 25–29

2.64 (1.80–3.88)

< 0.001

3.73 (2.08–6.70)

  ≥ 30

2.44 (1.51–3.93)

< 0.001

3.45 (1.69–7.08)

Education

 Never

Ref

  

 Primary/less

0.79 (0.37–1.69)

0.546

0.50 (0.17–1.47)

 Secondary

0.59 (0.31–1.14)

0.118

0.45 (0.19–1.09)

 Above Secondary

1.21 (0.61–2.37)

0.591

0.89 (0.35–2.26)

Employment

 Yes

Ref

  

 No

0.67 (0.47–0.96)

0.027*~

0.72 (0.41-1.26)

 Student

0.68 (0.53–0.87)

0.002*~

0.78 (0.53-1.15)

Alcohol use (score)

 Low risk (0–7)

Ref

  

 Hazardous use (8–15)

1.05 (0.80–1.38)

0.721

1.10 (0.72–1.69)

 Harmful level (16–19)

1.10 (0.70–1.73)

0.694

1.09 (0.57–2.10)

 Almost Certainly Dependent level (≥20)

0.97 (0.62–1.50)

0.877

0.93 (0.47–1.83)

Place of residence

 Alone

Ref

  

 Living with family/spouse

1.10 (0.76–1.59)

0.628

0.97 (0.56–1.69)

 Living with friend/MSM/other

1.55 (0.94–2.58)

0.088

0.98 (0.45–2.12)

Gender

 Transgender

Ref

  

 Male

0.59 (0.45–0.77)

< 0.001*~

0.74 (0.48-1.15)

Sex orientation

 Bisexual

Ref

  

 Homosexual

0.90 (0.72–1.13)

0.371

0.70 (0.49–1.01)

 Heterosexual

2.81 (1.05–7.50)

0.039

5.67 (1.57–20.48)

Forced sex

 No

Ref

  

 Yes

1.44 (1.07–1.94)

0.017*~

0.96 (0.56-1.63)

Condom use

 No

Ref

  

 Yes

1.19 (0.87–1.64)

0.275*

1.95 (1.18-3.21)

Family/friend

 No

Ref

  

 Yes

1.41 (1.12–1.77)

0.003*~

1.34 (0.94-1.91)

Health care- perceived

 No

Ref

  

 Yes

1.08 (0.83–1.39)

0.576

1.36 (0.94–1.97)

Health care – enacted

 No

Ref

  

 Yes

1.69 (1.15–2.48)

0.008*~

1.26 (0.72-2.20)

Social

 No

Ref

  

 Yes

1.38 (1.09–1.75)

0.007*~

1.38 (0.97-1.98)

  1. CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, Family stigma Felt Excluded from family activity, discriminatory remark by family, felt rejected, Perceived healthcare stigma: afraid to use health services, avoided health service for STI/HIV, Enacted healthcare stigma: Felt not well treated, heard healthcare worker gossiped, Social stigma: felt police refused to protect, arrested on charges of homosexuality, ever jailed, scared to walk in public, verbally abused, blackmailed, physically hurt
  2. *~ not significant after Respondent Driven sampling (RDS) adjustment
  3. *significant after RDS adjustment
  4. Bolded p-values implies significance for RDS adjustment and for the model
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BMC International Health and Human Rights

ISSN: 1472-698X

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