Table 4 Synthesis findings: factors influencing the sexual and reproductive health among WLHIV in Muslim-majority countries

• Individual satisfaction and hope for better future by having child

• Having living child

• Having HIV-infected child

• Fear of transmitting the infection to the baby

• Worried of child’s well-being and future

• Uncertainty about their-own health and well-being

• Pressure from husband/ family to conceive

• Social and cultural belief about having child after married

• Stigma and discrimination experience of previous pregnancy and delivery

• Pressure from health care providers for not having (more) pregnancy

• Women’s fertility desire

• Fear of contraceptive’s side effects

• Religious belief constrictions

• Partner’s preference of contraception

• Less access to the methods

• Lack of methods’ availability

• Limited information and understanding about varied contraceptive methods

• Pressure from health providers to use male condom only

• Legal abortion services

• Trusting the God will

• Complying HIV- treatment

• Health care provider discriminated behaviour

• Health care providers showed less respect and no confidentially

• Access to safe abortion services

• Lack of PMTCT information

• Non-economical formulae feeding

• Fertility desire

• Unknown HIV-status of sexual partner

• Status disclosure to sexual partner

• Inconvenience in using and procuring condoms

• Fear of partner violence if persuading condom use

• Lack of agreement with partners related to condom use

• Patriarchal belief and engendered norms

• No access to female condom

• Limited information about condom use and its efficacy

• Feeling guilty of having pre-marital sexual activities

• ART uptake

• Sexual violence

• Denial of HIV status

• Not wanting to be pregnant

• Fear of infecting sero-discordant partner

• Worried to be divorced and lack of social and economic support from partner

• Mental illness

• Drug use