Table 3 Etic definitions versus emic conceptualisations on sexual exploitation
Concept | Aspects of etic definitions of sexual exploitation | Aspects of emic conceptualisations of wrong or unfair sex | Mitigating factors in emic conceptualisations |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex with a minor | • Child under the age of 18 | • Sex with a minor or misleading of a young or immature girl | • AGYW is perceived as seductive or thought to have actively pursued the man and may therefore be considered responsible for ‘their’ situation • AGYW perceived as greedy/discontented with what they have • AGYW benefits substantially or disproportionately • Man’s intentions for the relationship are considered good • AGYW considered physically mature and ‘ready’ for sex |
Lack of developmental readiness | • Involvement in sexual activity that a child does not fully comprehend • Child unable to give informed consent • Child not developmentally prepared | ... | |
Power differential | • Those exploiting the child or young person are able to do so based on power differentials derived from age, gender, intellect, physical strength and/or command of resources. | • Involves lack of consent or inability to refuse, particularly in relationships characterised by power differentials • Child is considered vulnerable or lacking alternative means to meet her needs | |
Violates laws and taboos | • Sex violates the laws or social taboos of society | • Sex below 18 violates the law | |
Element of exchange | • Situations, contexts and relationships where young people (or a third person or persons) receive ‘something’ (e.g. food, accommodation, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, affection, gifts, money) as a result of them performing, and/or another, or others performing on them, sexual activities • A child or other person is given or promised money or other form of remuneration, payment or consideration in return for the child engaging in sexual activity, even if the payment/remuneration is not made • Sexual acts are exchanged for goods and services such as housing, food, clothing, drugs or alcohol, protection, better grades in school, or even emotional attention | … | |
Harm |  | • Worsens the pre-existing status of the girl | |
Intention |  | • Man’s intention for the relationship is considered inappropriate | |
Benefits | • Recognise that transactional sex may be perceived as beneficial while still being considered exploitative | • Recognise that transactional sex may be perceived and experienced as beneficial |