Table 2 Questionnaire items used to construct outcomes

Gender attitudes

Mean score: gender attitudes

Male, female

(1) A good woman obeys her husband even if she doesn’t agree, (2) changing nappies, giving a bath and feeding children is the mother’s responsibility, (3) a woman’s primary role is to take care and cook for her family, (4) a man should have the final word about decisions in his home, (5) when married, a woman has no right or control over her body according to scriptures, (6) when a man has paid bride price his wife becomes his property, (7) men are superior to women

Increase (higher scores indicate more equitable attitudes)

Attitudes towards masculinities

Mean score: attitudes towards masculinities

Male, female

(1) It is important for a man to demonstrate that he is the head of the house, even using violence, (2) to be a man, you need to be tough, (3) it is manly to defend the honour of your family even by using force, (4) it is manly for a man to beat his wife

Increase (higher scores indicate more equitable attitudes)

Rape myths

Mean score: beliefs in rape myths

Male, female

(1) When a woman is raped, she usually did something careless to put herself in that situation, (2) in some rape incidents the victims actually want it to happen, (3) if a woman doesn’t physically fight back, you can’t really say it was rape, (4) in any rape incident one would have to question if the victim had a bad character, (5) God condemns rape

Increase (higher scores indicate less agreement with rape myths)

Rape stigma

Mean scores: agreement with rape stigma

Male, female

(1) A man is justified in rejecting his wife if she has been raped, (2) A raped woman’s family members should have nothing to do with her, (3) A young man should not marry a young woman who has been raped

Increase (higher scores indicate less agreement with rape stigma)

Emotional IPV

% of respondents who report at least once instance of violence in the past 12 months

Female, male

Female: In the past 12 months, how many times has your husband, partner or boyfriend done the following things to you – (1) Belittled or humiliated you in front of other people, (2) threatened to hurt you or someone you care about.

Male: In the past 12 months, how many times have you done the following things to your wife, partner or girlfriend – (1) Belittled or humiliated her in front of other people, (2) threatened to hurt her or someone she cares about.

Decrease

Physical IPV

% of respondents who report at least once instance of violence in the past 12 months

Female, male

Female: In the past 12 months, how many times has your husband, partner or boyfriend done the following things to you – (1) Pushed or shoved you, (2) slapped you or thrown something at you which could hurt you, (3) hit you with his fist or with something else that could hurt you, (4) kicked you, dragged you, beat you, strangled or burned you, (5) threatened you or attacked you with a gun, knife or other weapon.

Male: In the past 12 months, how many times have you done the following things to your wife, partner or girlfriend – (1) Pushed or shoved her, (2) slapped her or thrown something at her which could hurt her, (3) hit her with your fist or with something else that could hurt her, (4) kicked her, dragged her, beat her, strangled or burned her, (5) threatened her or attacked her with a gun, knife or other weapon.

Decrease

Sexual IPV

% of respondents who report at least once instance of violence in the past 12 months

Female, male

Female: In the past 12 months: (1) How often has he physically forced you to have sexual intercourse when you did not want to, (2) how many times have you had sex with him because you were frightened he would become violent, (3) how many times did he force you to do sexual things which you didn’t want to do.

Male: In the past 12 months: (1) How often have you physically forced her to have sexual intercourse when she did not want to, (2) how many times have you used threats or intimidation to make her have sex with you when she didn’t want to, (3) how many times did you force her to perform sexual things which she didn’t want to do.

Decrease