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Table 4 Multivariable associations between child and caregiver characteristics, work status and labor

From: Child work and labour among orphaned and abandoned children in five low and middle income countries

  

Any work1

<21 hrs2

22-27 hrs2

Labor2

Child gender

Male

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

Female

2.23**

2.27**

2.46**

2.06**

  

[1.57 - 3.18]

[1.57 - 3.28]

[1.37 - 4.43]

[1.23 - 3.46]

Relationship

Biological child

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

Other

1.54

1.51

2.34

1.23

  

[0.92 - 2.57]

[0.91 - 2.52]

[0.91 - 6.04]

[0.60 - 2.53]

School enrollment

Enrolled

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

Not enrolled

2.02

1.71

1.94

4.04*

  

[0.94 - 4.35]

[0.82 - 3.56]

[0.48 - 7.86]

[1.37 - 11.94]

Caregiver reported

Very good or good

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

health of the child

 

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

Fair

1.27

1.28

1.88

1.05

  

[0.75 - 2.16]

[0.74 - 2.21]

[0.80 - 4.42]

[0.52 - 2.11]

 

Poor or very poor

0.53

0.49

0.64

0.55

  

[0.26 - 1.07]

[0.24 - 1.03]

[0.18 - 2.20]

[0.22 - 1.37]

Child age

6-7

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

8-10

4.05**

3.55**

6.84**

6.70**

  

[2.68 - 6.13]

[2.33 - 5.41]

[2.79 - 16.78]

[3.24 - 13.84]

 

11-12

4.80**

4.09**

10.87**

7.17**

  

[2.90 - 7.92]

[2.39 - 6.98]

[4.11 - 28.73]

[3.26 - 15.77]

Caregiver gender

Male

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

Female

1.2

1.34

1.06

0.79

  

[0.73 - 1.97]

[0.79 - 2.28]

[0.44 - 2.56]

[0.35 - 1.77]

Caregiver age

18-35

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

36-55

0.68

0.67

0.57

0.77

  

[0.46 - 1.02]

[0.44 - 1.02]

[0.28 - 1.13]

[0.42 - 1.42]

 

56+

0.48*

0.45*

0.35

0.66

  

[0.24 - 0.94]

[0.22 - 0.94]

[0.12 - 1.02]

[0.26 - 1.68]

Marital status

Married

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

Widowed

1

1.13

1.22

0.51

  

[0.58 - 1.73]

[0.66 - 1.94]

[0.49 - 3.04]

[0.25 - 1.05]

 

Other

1.01

1.14

0.91

0.66

  

[0.54 - 1.87]

[0.59 - 2.21]

[0.26 - 3.26]

[0.24 - 1.81]

Caregiver health

Very good or good

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

Fair

1.51

1.56

1.79

1.23

  

[0.97 - 2.36]

[0.97 - 2.52]

[0.81 - 3.96]

[0.65 - 2.32]

 

Poor or very poor

0.85

0.83

0.87

0.97

  

[0.50 - 1.47]

[0.48 - 1.46]

[0.34 - 2.23]

[0.44 - 2.10]

Caregiver education

Less than 7 years

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

7 years or more

1.03

1.02

1.02

1.06

  

[0.97 - 1.09]

[0.96 - 1.08]

[0.92 - 1.12]

[0.97 - 1.16]

Earning an income

Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

No

1.12

0.95

1.52

2.26*

  

[0.72 - 1.76]

[0.59 - 1.52]

[0.67 - 3.44]

[1.20 - 4.23]

Wealth index

 

0.55**

0.59**

0.63

0.36**

  

[0.39 - 0.78]

[0.42 - 0.83]

[0.36 - 1.09]

[0.22 - 0.59]

# of children caring for

1.04

1.05

1.06

0.96

  

[0.94 - 1.16]

[0.94 - 1.17]

[0.91 - 1.25]

[0.83 - 1.12]

Location

Urban

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

 

Rural

3.12**

2.76**

3.91**

3.88**

  

[1.98 - 4.90]

[1.74 - 4.36]

[1.94 - 7.89]

[2.12 - 7.10]

  1. *, **, and *** denote significance at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively
  2. 1 relative to no work; estimates from a logistic regression model controlling for site fixed effects
  3. 2 relative to no work; estimates from a multinomial logistic regression model controlling for site fixed effects
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BMC International Health and Human Rights

ISSN: 1472-698X

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