Table 4 Results of the multilevel analysis by predictors of skilled maternity care, North Gondar, 2012
From: Factors affecting utilization of skilled maternal care in Northwest Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis
Predictors | n | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level-1predictor variables (Individual and household characteristics) | ANC | Delivery care | PNC | ||
Birth order | 1 | 335 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2-3 | 657 | 0.75 (0.53, 1.07) | 0.60 (0.40, 0.90) | 0.98 (0.56, 1.71) | |
4-5 | 439 | 0.66 (0.44, 0.99) | 0.51 (0.32, 0.85) | 0.58 (0.28, 1.20) | |
6+ | 237 | 0.79 (0.50, 1.25) | 0.55 (0.31, 0.96) | 0.60 (0.26,1.38) | |
Mother's education | No education | 1183 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 327 | 1.09 (0.80, 1.50) | 1.17 (0.79, 1.72) | 1.31 (0.76, 2.24) | |
Secondary and above | 158 | 1.68 (1.08, 2.60) | 1.94 (1.21, 3.10) | 1.72 (0.86, 3.47) | |
Husband education | No education | 1057 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 430 | 1.34 (0.98, 1.82) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.22) | 0.83 (0.49, 1.39) | |
Secondary and above | 181 | 1.22 (0.77, 1.94) | 1.27 (0.77, 2.11) | 0.85 (0.43, 1.70) | |
Wealth quintile | Lowest | 331 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Second | 340 | 1.02 (0.69,1.51) | 1.08 (0.66, 1.78) | 0.97 (0.44, 2.14) | |
Middle | 306 | 1.14 (0.75, 1.72) | 1.24 (0.74, 2.08) | 2.08 (1.01, 4.28) | |
Fourth | 357 | 1.03 (0.68, 1.56) | 1.51 (0.92, 2.46) | 1.35 (0.63, 2.86) | |
Highest | 334 | 0.83 (0.54, 1.27) | 1.21 (0.71, 2.05) | 1.44 (0.67, 3.13) | |
Awareness on risk of pregnancy | No | 522 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1146 | 1.35 (0.96, 1.89) | 1.10 (0.82, 1.75) | 1.52 (0.79, 2.93) | |
Health professionals preferred for the care | No | 713 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 955 | 1.64 (1.14, 2.36) | 2.29 (1.50, 3.51) | 2.45 (1.31, 4.60) | |
Awareness on places to get skilled provider | No | 341 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1327 | 1.63 (1.07, 2.49) | 2.83 (1.54, 5.20) | 1.48 (0.64, 3.42) | |
Pregnancy wontedness | Wanted/mistimed | 1511 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unwanted | 157 | 0.79 (0.51, 1.22) | 0.59 (0.34, 1.03) | 0.67 (0.31, 1.42) | |
ANC in previous pregnancy | No | 957 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 711 | 3.39 (1.98, 5.80) | 1.80 (1.31, 2.49) | 1.92 (1.20, 3.08) | |
Skilled ANC for this pregnancy | No | 1130 | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 538 | 1.90 (1.37, 2.63) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.20) | ||
Level 2 predictor variables | |||||
Communal (kebele) characteristics | |||||
Main source of income | Farming | 1214 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mixed | 454 | 1.35 (0.47, 3.88) | 1.64 (1.18, 2.28) | 1.54 (1.03, 2.30) | |
Self sustained | No | 445 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1223 | 1.29 (0.21, 8.09) | |||
Average distance to the nearest health center | 0.83 (0.46, 1.48) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) | ||
Health facility characteristics | |||||
Signal functions | One or more missed | 583 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
All present | 1085 | 1.14 (0.24, 5.51) | 1.96 (1.13, 3.40) | 1.16 (0.58, 2.35) | |
Availability of obstetric guidelines | No | 900 | 1 | ||
Yes | 768 | 1.13 (0.59, 2.18) | |||
Payment requirements during delivery | No | 1252 | 1 | ||
Yes | 416 | 0.53 (0.32, 0.88) | |||
Overall infrastructure | Not satisfactory | 1153 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Satisfactory | 515 | 1.64 (0.39,6.92) | 0.98 (0.64, 1.51) | 1.51(0.74, 3.10) | |
Basic equipments | Not satisfactory | 878 | 1 | ||
Satisfactory | 790 | 1.12 (0.73, 1.72) | |||
Random part | |||||
Var (ANC in previous preg) | 0.62 (0.22, 1.80) | - | - | ||
Var (Preference of H. professionals for the care) | 0.07 (0.14, 4.05) | - | - | ||
Var(cons) i.e. level-2 variance | 0.76 (0 .41, 2.21) | 5.64e-19 | 2.13e-18 | ||
Rho - Intra-class correlation | 0.19 | Nearly 0 | Nearly 0 | ||
Deviance (G2) | 1652 | 1167 | 670 | ||