Table 4 Odds for perception of NHIS service provision to be ‘same’ or ‘better’ among men and women in Ghana, 2008
Independent variables | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wealth quintile | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
Poorest (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Poorer | .945 (.222) | .921 (.236) | .940 (.244) | 1.05 (.190) | 1.07 (.201) | 1.10 (.215) |
Middle | .674 (.169) | .635 (.179) | .681 (.200) | .841 (.139) | .872 (.150) | .942 (.177) |
Richer | .538 (.126)*** | .522 (.142)*** | .578 (.184)* | .832 (.145) | .835 (.153) | .922 (.190) |
Richest | .429 (.097)*** | .434 (.113)*** | .489 (.152)** | .871 (.156) | .904 (.142) | 1.01 (.233) |
Education | ||||||
No Education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary Education | 1.17 (.275) | 1.21 (.287) | 1.23 (.309) | .895 (.139) | .880 (.142) | .869 (.144) |
Secondary/Higher | ||||||
education | 1.13 (.216) | 1.26 (.242) | 1.25 (.250) | .778 (.107)* | .761 (.107)** | .759 (.114)* |
Marital Status | ||||||
Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Currently married | - | .841 (.156) | - | 1.18 (.161) | ||
Formerly married | - | .562 (.184)* | - | .972 (.203) | ||
Age | - | 1.01 (.006) | - | .992 (.006) | ||
Religious affiliation | ||||||
Christians | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Muslims | 1.49 (.321)* | 1.53 (.321)** | 1.01 (.171) | 1.01 (.172) | ||
Traditionalists | .687 (.215) | .664 (.210) | 1.42 (.460) | 1.41 (.463) | ||
No religion | .834 (.269) | .860 (.280) | .872 (.275) | .869 (.272) | ||
Ethnicity | ||||||
Akans | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Ga Dangbe | 1.26 (.374) | 1.24 (.363) | .555 (.119)*** | .550 (.117)*** | ||
Ewe | 1.01 (.218) | .987 (.212) | .647 (.118)** | .638 (.117)*** | ||
Northern | 1.23 (.222) | 1.16 (.286) | .927 (.150) | .791 (.160) | ||
Other | .801 (.343) | .778 (.320) | .484 (.138)*** | .464 (.135)*** | ||
Rural–urban residence | ||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | - | 1.14 (.202) | - | 1.09 (.176) | ||
Region of residence | ||||||
Southern Ghana | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | ||
Northern Ghana | - | 1.09 (.320) | - | 1.22 (.280) | ||
Log Pseudo-likelihood | −1323.8245 | −1313.0039 | −1310.7385 | −1927.9633 | −1914.0935 | −1911.1388 |
Model significance (Wald | ||||||
Chi-sq) | 23.31 (5)*** | 33.51 (13)*** | 41.11(18)*** | 9.54 (6) | 30.19 (13)*** | 36.82 (18)*** |
Pseudo R2 | .014 | .021 | .023 | .001 | .01 | .01 |
Threshold 1 | −2.52 | −2.34 | −2.05 | −2.49 | −2.62 | −2.66 |
Threshold 2 | -.567 | -.373 | -.074 | -.158 | -.267 | -.298 |