Table 2 Ecological perspective with a focus on justice as applied to M-RD centers

Interdependence

Personal

∙ Effects of M-RD on detained migrants’ various spheres of life and person-environment interdependence

∙ The impact of mandatory deportation on the lives of migrants and their families

∙ Professionals’ experience of M-RD work environments and its effects in terms of other spheres of life/person-environment interdependences

Interpersonal

∙ Interdependences among groups (detainees-detainees; professionals-professionals; detainees-professionals): Psychological sense(s) of community

Organizational

∙ Interactions and mutual influences among entities/services within M-RD centers

∙ Interdependences between M-RD centers and external services

Communal

∙ Interrelations between social, political, economic trends and M-RD centers (e.g., ways policies are filtered and implemented)

Cycling of Resources

Personal

∙ Personal/social resources that facilitate detainees’ task of surviving, furthering their resiliencies

∙ Personal/social resources that facilitate professionals’ adaptation to M-RD work environments, and the performance of their role

Interpersonal

∙ Detainees’ and professionals’ social networks: nature and extent, quality of relationships, types of support exchanged

Organizational

∙ Accessibility, acceptability, perceived utility of services within M-RD centers: effectiveness in addressing detainees’ needs

∙ Role of alternative settings and types of support exchanged within them

Communal

∙ Role of local, national, supranational policies/other macro trends in defining how resources are created, managed, distributed among/within M-RD centers

Adaptation

Personal

∙ Strategies put in place by detainees to survive and resist in M-RD centers: Political agency

∙ Strategies put in place by professionals to adjust to M-RD work environments and perform their activity

∙ Diversity of experiences, conditions, needs that characterize migrants in detention

Interpersonal

∙ Competitions between members of different groups (detainees vs. detainees; professionals vs. professionals; detainees vs. professionals; insiders vs. outsiders)

Organizational

∙ Influence of norms, values, beliefs, processes, formal/informal power structures on the experiences of detainees and professionals

∙ Degree of cultural sensitivity/cultural competence of professionals

Communal

∙ Influences of cultural, social, political, economic, factors: Social norms/beliefs regarding undocumented migration and M-RD, their causes, consequences, and possible solutions Immigration policies at local, national, supranational level and broad economic trends Role of public opinion and media

Succession

Personal

∙ Longitudinal understanding of the experiences of people subject to M-RD (pre-migration expectations/motivations; migratory trajectories; settlement experiences; documented/undocumented status over time; life in detention)

∙ Long-term effects of detention

∙ Post-detention/post-deportation experiences

∙ Long-term effects of working in M-RD centers (professionals’ work-related stress/burnout)

Interpersonal

∙ Impact, over time, of internal shifts and external forces on the availability/distribution of power/resources within M-RD centers, and the relationships between groups

Organizational

∙ Evolution of the assumptions underlying the creation of M-RD centers (historical development of undocumented migration/the mechanisms implemented to deal with it)

∙ Evolution of institutional cultures and practices within M-RD centers

Communal

∙ Effects, over time, of social, economic, legislative, political changes on the lives of undocumented migrants/the ecology of M-RD centers (e.g., change in migration flows/routes and promulgation of new regulations)

Justice

Personal (Distributive and Procedural Justice)

∙ Detainees’ self-conception, self-consideration, self-esteem: internalization of the self-deprecating views about themselves as “illegal migrants”

∙ Occurrence of behaviors causing self-pleasure or self-suffering

Interpersonal (Distributive, Procedural, Relational, and Developmental Justice)

∙ Distribution of power and resources between/within groups (professionals-detainees; detainees-detainees; professionals-professionals)

∙ Criteria and processes guiding the distribution of power and resources between/within groups

∙ Fairness, humanity, decency, respect at all level of relationships

∙ Adequacy of the expectations about detainees’ behavior with respect to their maturational stage

∙ Situations of power abuse (and related use of violence)

Organizational (Distributive, Procedural, Relational/Cultural, and Informational Justice)

∙ Distribution of power, resources, services between/within M-RD centers

∙ Criteria and processes guiding the distribution of power, resources, services between/within M-RD centers

∙ Fairness of treatment received by detainees inside M-RD centers

∙ Degree of cultural sensitivity/cultural competence of professionals: occurrence of episodes of discrimination

∙ Comprehensiveness, transparency, clarity of information provided to detained migrants about their immigration/asylum cases and the rules that govern the life in detention

∙ Directionality of the information flow/adequacy of the information exchange between institutional actors

Communal (Distributive, Procedural, Retributive, and Cultural Justice)

∙ Restriction of undocumented migrants’ access to basic rights enjoyed by national citizens (e.g., healthcare, education, safety), above all self-determination and freedom: multiple consequences

∙ Treatment of undocumented migrants on the basis of their status (administrative detention)

∙ Relationship between immigration status and the guarantee of rights established by national regulations/international agreements (e.g., Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

∙ Intertwinement between gender, sexuality, race or ethnicity, class and regimes of M-RD (which groups are more exposed to M-RD/deportation and how their condition shapes their experiences in detention)