Female genital mutilation/cutting in Sierra Leone: are educated women intending to circumcise their daughters?

Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena; Tetteh, Justice Kanor; Armah-Ansah, Ebenezer Kwesi; Aduo-Adjei, Kofi; Sena-Iddrisu, Aisha

doi:10.1186/s12914-020-00240-0

BMC International Health and Human Rights

Table 2 Individual and contextual factors associated with FGM/C intention for daughter in the future

From: Female genital mutilation/cutting in Sierra Leone: are educated women intending to circumcise their daughters?

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	Empty Model		OR	[95% Crl]	OR	[95% Crl]	aOR	[95% Crl]
Fixed-effects
*Individual level*
Education
No Education			3.9***	[2.1–7.0]			4.3***	[2.4–8.0]
Primary			2.9***	[1.6–5.3]			3.3***	[1.8–6.2]
Secondary			2.0**	[1.1–3.3]			2.2**	[1.2–3.8]
Higher			1	[1]			1	[1]
Age
15–19			1.9*	[1.1–3.3]			1.8*	[1.1–3.2]
20–24			2.4***	[1.6–3.6]			2.3***	[1.5–3.4]
25–29			2.2***	[1.5–3.3]			2.2***	[1.5–3.2]
30–34			1.9**	[1.3–2.8]			1.8**	[1.3–2.7]
35–39			1.6**	[1.1–2.4]			1.6*	[1.1–2.3]
40–44			1.7*	[1.1–2.6]			1.6*	[1.1–2.5]
45–49			1	[1]			1	[1]
Wealth
Poorest			3.3***	[2.3–4.7]			2.1**	[1.3–3.2]
Poorer			2.3***	[1.6–3.2]			1.4	[0.9–2.2]
Middle			2.6***	[1.9–3.6]			1.7**	[1.1–2.5]
Richer			1.9***	[1.4–2.6]			1.5*	[1.1–2.0]
Richest			1	[1]			1	[1]
Religion
Christianity			0.9	[0.2–4.4]			1.0	[0.2–4.7]
Islam			2.8	[0.6–12.7]			2.9	[0.6–13.7]
Other			1	[1]			1	[1]
Healthcare decision
Alone			1.7	[0.6–4.9]
With partner			1.6	[0.6–4.6]			1.7	[0.6–5.3]
Partner			1.9	[0.7–5.5]			1.7	[0.6–4.8]
Other			1	[1]			1	[1]
Number of daughters
0			0.97	[0.51–1.86]			0.99	[0.52–1.91]
1			1.25	[0.67–2.33]			1.27	[0.68–2.37]
2			1.80	[0.95–3.40]			1.82	[0.67–2.37]
3			1.59	[0.79–3.17]			1.62	[0.81–3.26]
4 or more
Daughters Circumcised
None			0.1***	[0.0–0.3]			0.1**	[0.0–0.3]
1			0.4	[0.1–1.6]			0.4	[0.1–1.7]
2			0.4	[0.1–2.1]			0.5	[0.1–2.2]
3 or More			1	[1]			1	[1]
Frequency of reading Newspaper
Not at all			1.6*	[1.1–2.5]			1.6	[0.9–2.5]
Less than once a week			0.9	[0.5–1.5]			0.8	[0.5–1.5]
At least once a week			1	[1]			1	[1]
Frequency of listening to Radio
Not at all			0.9	[0.8–1.2]			0.9	[0.8–1.2]
Less than once a week			1.3	[0.9–1.6]			1.3	[0.9–1.7]
At least once a week			1	[1]			1	[1]
Frequency of watching TV
Not at all			1.4*	[1.1–1.9]			1.2	[0.9–1.7]
Less than once a week			1.2	[0.7–1.8]			1.1	[0.72–1.7]
At least once a week			1	[1]			1	[1]
*Contextual level*
Family head
Male					1.0	[0.8–1.3]	1.0	[0.8–1.3]
Female					1	[1]	1	[1]
Region
Eastern					3.4***	[2.3–4.9]	2.1***	[1.4–3.1]
Northern					4.3***	[2.3–6.2]	2.2***	[1.5–3.2]
Southern					3.1***	[2.1–4.5]	2.1***	[1.4–3.1]
Western					1	[1]	1	[1]
Residence
Rural					0.4***	[0.3–0.6]	0.8	[0.6–1.1]
Urban					1	[1]	1	[1]
Random-effects
Contextual level
Variance (95% CrI)	1.4	[1.11–1.7]	0.6	[0.4–0.7]	0.7	[0.5–0.9]	0.51	[0.3–0.7]
VPC %(95% Crl)	33.4	[25.4–39.8]	20.7	[13.2–25.9]	23.5	[15.4–28.3]	19.4	[9.1–27.7]
MOR (95% CrI)	3.1	[2.7–3.4]	2.0	[1.8–2.3]	2.2	[2.0–2.5]	2.0	[1.7–2.2]
Explained variation (%)	1	[1]	60.4	[55.4–64.0]	49.6	[46.4–55.0]	63.3	[57.8–71.2]
Sample Size
Contextual level		435	435		435		435
Individual level		6543	6543		6543		6543

aOR adjusted Odds Ratio, OR Odds Ratio, CrI Credible Interval, VPC Variance Partition Coefficient;
MOR Median Odds Ratio; 1 = reference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001]
Source 2013 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey

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