The majority of respondents was male (75%) and aged between 30 and 45. This is due to the age distribution in this immigrant group, which is rather natural given the fact that immigrant groups are often dominated by young and middle-aged men. There are more male emigrants (83%) than female (17%) from Nepal [13]. Young and middle-aged men are more likely to migrate for work and further education [22].
The self-reported health status of 'poor' among Nepalese migrants in UK (23% overall, 25% for males and 17% for females) is comparable to that reported for the general population in England (23% for males and 26% for females) [2] and Scotland (25% overall) [23]. However, the percentage of Nepalese migrants reporting 'poor' health status is lower than that reported for other ethnic migrants in England (32% for men and 35% for women among Bangladeshi, 31% for men and 30% for women among Indians, 29% for men and 21% for women among Irish, 27% for men and 35% for women among Pakistani, and 26% for men and 38% for women among Black Caribbeans) [2]. The 'poor' health status reported by the Nepalese migrants in UK in this study is comparatively better than that reported by Nepalese migrants in the US where 42% rated their health as 'poor' [24].
Only a small proportion of Nepalese migrants reported suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes (4.6%), high blood pressure (6.2%), high cholesterol (4.6%) and asthma (3.3%). This is significantly lower than that reported for the general population (24.8%) of Scotland [23]. This could be due to age effects, i.e. most respondents are young and middle-aged group or educational effects. Health status was significantly associated with the level of education. As most Nepalese migrants in this study were highly educated, this could have been one of the reasons why the prevalence of chronic diseases was lower among Nepalese migrants in UK.
Health status in this study is significantly associated with immigration status and regular exercise. People, with immigration status as refugees, asylum seeker and overstay were more likely to report 'poor' health than people with other immigration statuses (e.g. work permit/fresh talent/highly skilled migrant/student dependent/business). Immigrants who had not done regular exercise were more likely to report 'poor' health than those who had done so.
This study demonstrated that Nepalese migrants were not regularly involved in exercise. More than half (overall 57%, 56% for males and 61% for females) of Nepalese migrants reported that they do not regularly exercise. This is much higher than the proportion of general population of England not involved in regular exercise (21% men and 25% women) [4]. However, the proportion of Nepalese migrants in UK not involved in regular exercise was similar to the proportion of other ethnic migrant groups with poor or no regular exercises. The English Health Survey found that Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Black African men and women were less likely to participate in sports and exercise than men and women in the general population [4].
In this study, the level of education was associated with poor/irregular exercise. Respondents having higher education (e.g., university degree) were less likely not to be involved in regular exercises. It was, however, surprising that higher proportions of some of the highly educated group (e.g., health care workers) were also not involved in regular exercise. However, automation (e.g. the introduction of labour saving devices) and long working hours often associated with these professions might have a negative influence on their involvement in regular exercise [25].
This study identified an overall low smoking rate (14% overall, 17% for males and 5% for females) among Nepalese migrants in UK. This is significantly lower than that recorded for other migrant communities in England [22]. The English survey reported the smoking rates for minority ethnic groups as 40% for men and 2% for women among Bangladeshi, 30% for men and 26% for women among Irish, 29% for men and 5% for women among Pakistani, 25% for men and 24% for women among Black Caribbeans, 21% for men and 10% for women among Black African, 21% for men and 8% for women among Chinese, and 20% for men and 5% for women among Indian groups. Smoking rates in the general population of England were 24% for men and 23% for women [26].
The self-reported smoking rate in the current study among Nepalese migrants in UK (e.g., 17% among people < 30 years) is also significantly lower than the reported smoking rate of Nepalese living in Nepal (> 70% for age below 30 years) [27]. The female smoking rate among women is considered to be one of the highest in the world, especially among women living in the rural areas of Nepal. Some studies, e.g. a global health professional survey, indicated it to be as high as 73% among certain ethnic groups [27] which is considerably higher than the 5% recorded among women in our study. The high smoking rate recorded among women in rural Nepal might have been due to their low level of education. Furthermore, poverty, culture, tradition, environment, and family background are other factors that might have affected smoking rates. In contrast to people living in rural Nepal, Nepalese migrants to UK are highly educated.
The overall alcohol consumption rate of 61% in the present study (74% for males and 21% for females) was higher than the overall alcohol consumption in Nepal (male 33.6%; female 15.3% and average 23.6%) [28]. However, our study reported lower levels than that in the English general population. The 2004 Health Survey for England recorded alcohol users as those who drank at least once every 2 months, for the total population in England the rates were 87% for men and 76% for women, for other minority ethnic immigrant groups it recorded 87% for men and 83% for women among the Irish, 69% for men and 48% for women among the Chinese, and 79% for men and 65% for women among Black Caribbeans [3]. However, it has to be noted that other South Asian immigrant groups in England also have a low rates of alcohol consumption (3% for men and 2% for women among Bangladeshi and 11% for men and 5% for women among Pakistani [3]. Overall, alcohol consumption in our study was associated with the gender, age, education, smoking and the duration of stay in UK. Relatively more people (68%) in the older age group (> 45 years) were more likely to consume alcohol than the younger age group (41%) and alcohol consumption increased with the increase in the duration of stay in UK.
Results from the logistic regression showed that alcohol consumption is significantly associated with gender, smoking habit and age. The reason for higher consumption of alcohol among smokers may be due to the cultural practices or personal preference or beliefs on the health and lifestyle. For example, someone who is health conscious is less likely to smoke or consume too much alcohol. This study did not investigate possible reasons for higher drinking rates in males than the females, although this trend seems to be universal among all ethnic groups and also among the general population in England [3]. It is likely that males are more adventurous or less attentive about their own health, and therefore consume alcohol more frequently. Alternately, it could be that males often being the bread winner for the family, especially among the ethnic immigrants, drink more to relieve the burden of economic or physical hardship.
This is the first health and lifestyle study of Nepalese migrants in UK and provides some valuable insights into their health and behaviour. However, there are number of limitations in this study. Due to the time and resource constraint, and the absence of a complete list of Nepalese migrants in UK (i.e. a sampling frame), it was impossible to conduct a randomized study. Moreover, migrants are mobile population and it was difficult to identify their postal addresses. As a result, the study could not cover all areas of the UK. Hence, the survey depended on the self completion of the questionnaire by the study participants.
Respondents were more likely to be male than female, more of Brahmin/Chhetri ethnic groups and more university graduates than others. Hence, the study might not be representative of all possible groups, as illegal or semi-legal immigrants are less likely to participate in research This ties in with the finding that assuring anonymity in surveys appears to have a negative effect on response rates on 'population in flux' [29].
The response rate obtained in the survey was moderate. However, as the detailed information on individuals to whom the questionnaire was distributed was not available, it was not possible to identify the characteristics of non responders. So, the results of this study will have limited external validity and should be extrapolated with caution. Mental health is an important area for study among migrants as they often suffer from psychological stress in the new environment, but was not covered in this study.